Jared Diamond. the Worst Mistake in the History Essay Example for Free

Jared Diamond. the Worst Mistake in the History EssayJared Diamond. The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human washout Jared Diamond writes about the consequences of agriculture on the human race. He suggests that the earliest farming societies did not have an easier more productive lifestyle than hunter-gatherer societies, contrary to everyday belief. For example, the Kalahari Bushmen spend a mere average of 12 to 19 hours a week to getting food, and on average sleep a lot, work little hard, and have more free time than people in hunter- gatherer societies. Another consequence agriculture had on humans is their diets. Hunter-gatherers eat many various wild plants and animals therefore, they have better nutrition than farmers who generally only eat the limited variety of crops they produce. For example, the Kalahari Bushmens daily intake was 2,140 calories and 93 grams of protein, whereas farmers gave up good nutritional crops for cheap calories found in their starchy crop s. In my own opinion, I believe that Diamonds paper is for the most part skewed for the reason that he has a great anti-progressivist bias.Whenever Diamond makes a direct equality between farming and hunter- gatherer societies, he shows all the positives for hunter-gatherer and the negatives for farmer societies. For example, when Diamond is comparing the nutrition of the both societies, he talks about the balance of nutrients and diet, he mentions that the Kalahari Bushmen eat a variety of over 75 different wild plants and receive more calories than needed. On the other hand, he mentions the fact that thousands of Irish farmers died during the potato famine during the 1840s.Another example of how Diamonds bias towards the gatherer side affects the paper is when he tries to compare the Bushmen to the Ethiopian farmers. The comparison is trying to show that being a gatherer is a better choice by comparing Kalahari Bushmen to the Ethiopian farmers. This is not an equal comparison be cause he uses the Kalahari Bushmen who are apparently above average on nutrition and one of the most successful Hunter-gatherer societies to one of the lower, undernourished farming societies in Ethiopia.

Air pollution in large modern cities Essay Example for Free

Air pollution in large modern cities EssayPollution can be referred to as the scourge of the 21st century. Its effects are felt by the whole world both in the developed and developing countries. The greatest contributor to institutionalize pollution is emissions from cars that use fossil send aways. One way of ensuring that motor vehicles lop the impact of air pollution, is the use of cars that draw on clean fuels for eccentric bio diesel and ethanol or by use of electric cars. Another way is by use of public reassign. Public transport can reduce tremendously the amount of air pollution emitted when large number drive in their individualised vehicles.In this discussion, Ill highlight the advantages that come with the use of public transport over personal means in relation to air pollution (David. 2010). Most of the personal cars used in our roads are not fuel efficient. Therefore they headd greatly to pollution through exhaust emissions. To reduce this, there is need to trim down the number of private cars in our roads. Driving personal cars to work is a mistake that has both health and economic consequences for all the people living in this planet.It has been found out that the greatest contribution an number citizen can make towards air pollution is by driving a car. Thus by use of public transport, the overall air pollution emanating from the galore(postnominal) personal vehicles can be reduced when the same number of people use public means (David. 2010). Therefore driving less can contribute positively towards reduced global pollution. In order to achieve this, there is need to improve the public transport in major cities around the world.For instance, grounding of electric trains as a public means can effectively reduce air pollution. This means is fast and environmental friendly and should be choose by all governments as a measure to curb air pollution from personal vehicles. If implemented, it can act as an incentive towards more peopl e using public transport as a means of commuting (David. 2010). In conclusion, the use of public means of transport is the more immediate firmness of purpose to the problem of air pollution.But this should be accompanied by efficient modes of public transport. For instance, introduction of electric trains as a means of transport in many countries can greatly reduce pollution. Other modes that are pollutant free should be encouraged as much as possible to minimize air pollution from burning fuels. Car pooling can also be utilized and encouraged through giving priority to car pools. List of reference David, D. Kemp. (2010). Exploring environmental issues an integrated approach. New York SAGE.

Interactive Television Connection And Coverage In Malaysia Media Essay

Interactive Television Connection And Coverage In Malaysia Media EssayTelevision industry is emerging into un practiced era in providing the better services to the customers. With the built around two-way interactive technologies, the digital telly (DTV) infrastructure opens up new history in communication system. The two totally different worlds which were b bely connected boob tube and the Internet are now combining into an entirely new entity which is interactive television. there are two specific terms which are commonly used to define the advanced television environment interactive television and enhanced television. shutting-to-end the whole text, we will use the term interactive television (ITV) to describe anything that allows a customer engages with the system by a strange control or keyboard usage in roam to access the newest and advanced services. Also, interactive television (generally as ITV) defines as numerous number of techniques that allows the consumers to interact with the television circumscribes. General purposes lav be categorized into the followingOn-line chatting and do emailingStock market data, this includes personal investment portfolio performance in real timeAbility to require the desired movies for viewing purposes at homeNews story selection and archiveEnhanced dramatic plays scores and statistics on selective basisPurchase everything by on-line real-time, this includes groceries to software to electrical appliances without leaving houseA continuum from low interactivity (TV whether on/off, volume, changing channels) to moderate measure (movies-on-demand without changing channels) till high scale interactivity, for instances program viewer affects the show that being watched are represented by interactive television. It was obviously shown in any kind of real-time voting on the screen, in which viewers vote to make decisions that will concomitantly affects how the shows continues.TELEVISON PROVIDER IN MALAYSIAThere are numerous number of subscription providers getable, with the different numbers of channels, supererogatory communication techniques for instance, program guide (EPG), high-definition (HD), video on demand (VOD), interactive television via the red button and coverage across Malaysia. These services are essentially received by set-top boxes. However, households viewing TV from internet in Malaysia are not monitored and tracked by the government.Figure 1 Service providers in MalaysiaMALAYIA portray CONTECTION AND COVERAGEDriven by quick change in actors line and content platforms, the Malaysian television market grows tremendously. Malaysians were largely depend on large-minded to air (FTA) broadcasts without any significant cable infrastructure and relatively limited broadband access, until ASTRO TV service was introduced in 1996 back then. Satellite pay television is therefore concentrate in expanding its addition content and programming options. The pay media boasts unti l much than than 100 channel beamed to some 2m consumers.Even through there are tremendous growth in pay-media, FTA channels (which offered via artificial satellite too) stay as the most popular displace in Malaysia market. According to 2007 Nielsen survey, 9.3% of respondents watched one out of sextette FTS channels the previous day. Government-owned Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) owns TV1 and TV2 while Media Prima works on the four channels remaining.Right after MiTV made an un sure-fire sweat to emerge the market by using wireless internet protocol over ultra high frequency (UHF), it is retooling for new bustling broadband delivery system after the winning a 3G licence recently. The Government has also initiated several test programs for digital television broadcasts and by 2015, plans to phase out latitude transmissions as whole. Trial broadcasts were undergoing, and this involves a thousand households in Klang Valley from September 2006 till February 2007. Trial of dig ital transmissions received positive feedback from the consumers, this is according to Deputy attend of Information, Chia Kwang Chye. More than 60 percent said that the quality of signal transmitted scaled from good to very good, more than 88 percent thought that the picture quality improved, and more than 70 percent said that sound quality was better. As part of the three years reconstructing process, RTM is assumed to be totally digitisation by 2012. Every household in Malaysia, when once equipped with the necessary equipment(set top box or known as iDTV set), is expected to receive more than 19 channels, which seven of them fall under RTM and others for private broadcasters such as Media Prima which owns TV3, ntv7, 8TV and TV9. Besides simulating TV1 and TV2, RTM is also test-airing RTMi, Arena and Muzik Aktif on digital platform, by convey at UHF channel 44, modulated at 64QAM.Figure 2 Digital TV set-top boxHISTORY OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION IN MALAYSIAIn Malaysia, development of technology received considerable attention during the Mahathir Era from the year of 1982 till 2003. In order to transform Malaysia into a fully developed realm by early of the year 2020, Vision 2020 was developed. Due to this, a mega project known as the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was launched in 1996. In conjunction with this mega project, Malaysias satellite television was first introduced in 1996, which is ASTRO. ASTRO utilized Direct to User Service (D.T.U) and is broadcast as high powered KU Band transmission using the transponder of the MEASAT. Currently, the subscription ground service is currently operating from Bukit Jalil. This service can be received by utilizing a fixed 60 cm diameter dish overture and a decipherer. Signals are encoded and encrypted prior to transmission, in order to form a conditional access subscriber service, and therefore allow the access only for subscribers with decoder and authorized smartcard.Figure 3 Astro logo (1996-2003)Figure 4 Bot h old (bottom) and new (top) Astro satellite dish or mini-dish.INTERACTIVE SERVICES BY PROVIDERS IN MALAYSIAASTRO has then initiated more sophisticated viewing experience for the customers. This is known as interactive and multimedia services through the convergence and divergence of the active old and new media technologies. Recently, there are various interactive TV and multimedia services that include games, video on demand (pay preview), chatting, stock link, suddenly Messaging System (SMS), internet banking and icon download which were not available previously.Short Messaging System (SMS) through television programs is one of the most successful interactive services that were achieved thus far in Malaysia television industry. SMS technology was utilized by ASTRO in the year of 2003 as the introduction of Akademi Fantasia, a topical anaesthetic musical program that copied from Mexico. Maxis was chosen as the sole service provider for the interactive activity via the program. Maxis, Malaysias leading Telecommunications Company, which also partly owned by ASTRO. end-to-end Akademi Fantasia, for the first time ever television audiences were allowed to send in their votes to decide on the winner of the competition.In year of 2000, interactive SMS technology was become a joint venture project between Microsoft and ASTRO. Microsoft had made an equity investment in ASTRO in order to helping and developing interactive internet and content in ASTRO. This has proven a critical success as it attracted more audience to tune-in into their channel. This was shown as in the first season of Akademi Fantasia in 2003, it was raked in RM 2.5 one thousand thousand profits through the votes made by audience.Figure 5 SMS transactions of interactive service by ASTROThis trend has also influenced other television stations in Malaysia, such as RTM, TV 3, 8tv, ntv7, and tv9 to use interactive technology to attract more viewers, and therefore increasing revenue. Since then, both imported and locally produced television programs, utilized SMS interactive activities, for instances, realness TV shows, musicals, dramas, and even local television news. There is also live radio broadcast, with kind of live, in-studio programming, coupled with an on-screen chat inhabit that the users could interact with via SMS. To top it off also, there is a large chunk of screen for mobile ringtones and wallpapers.In mobile content, with the burgeoning penetration of new generation of mobile phone, there is more demand for better entertainment content drives the growth of it. ASTRO provides customers new experience with the streaming of 2.5G video and the launch of 3G services. Besides CNBC and HITZ.TV, when 3G launches, ASTRO offers CNN, Cartoon Network, highlights of puddle shows as well as exclusive English Premier League matches to mobile handsets. In addition, STK WAP technology provides a platform for SMS content and services for example cinema information and movie bo okings, other info-on-demand and gaming. This service generated 36 million SMS transactions in 2004.Mobile games on TV debuted on ASTRO PLAY in March 2004, was the first initiative in Malaysia. This therefore made great contribution to SMS activity through games while 15 and HIT. TV, which is the SMS-TV chat channels contributed powerfully to the ITV business, with roughly around 8.3 million chat messages chalked for the year.TV 9 is a free-to-air private owned television station in Malaysia, which is owned fully by Media Prima Berhad. Interactive television feature is introduced by TV9, which allows audiences to interact and communicate via Short Messaging System (SMS) while music video displaying. The element is available from 11 am until noon and from midnight till 1 in the morning. This is consequently in the year of 2004, TV9 announced its strategic partnershio with WAP Portal Sdn Bhd and Mobileway-Inphomatch, the leading provider of globular mobile messaging interoperability and added value for mobile information services, in subsequently to deliver interactive mobile applications for its new SMS-MMS segment, known as Mobile9. The project is launched on 15 August 2007, where audiences can involve themselves in interactive activities on Mobile9, for instances like chatting, contests, downloading via SMS, polling and sharing their MMS pictures while watching TV programs. Channel 9 is infinitely exploring the best alternative to make sure that the right customer experience for our products and services. We want to offer customers the best services which are relevant, exciting and will unquestionably enhance their lifestyle, said by Encik Abdul Aziz Hamdan, the Chief Executive Officer, Channel 9. Broadcasting of TV9 under (Ultra High) Frequency. The UHF channel is 42 in Klang Valley, and with weaker transmission at 33 in certain area of Klang valley. TV9 is available on Malaysia satellite provider ASTRO via Channel 119.The third subscription based TV stat ion in Malaysia, FineTV, utilizes an a- la- carte approach, which is a total interactive approach (video-on-demand), allows viewers to design their own television program or scheduling. Recently, FineTV is offering 18 television channels from serial drama, reality tv show, education, music video, game show, sports and cartoon are available upon viewers selection or request.RED BUTTON TECHNOLOGY BY ASTROInteractive advertizement can be done available via one-way or broadcast television, in the form of either red or green button advertising. For more inner explanation, red button advertising will be relied more on content delivered via broadcast, by pressing the red button on the remote control by the customers, they are able to find out more specific advert. Satellite service Sky in United Kingdom and ASTRO in Malaysia provides the service of Red Button Advertising. Meantime, green button advertising enables viewers to book advert by using remote control, this is followed by the vie wing of a clip inside the broadcast stream, in order to record them on their PVR. With that expanded advert (which could be the program length), is then able to be viewed by the consumer with full leisure. Furthermore, the interactive Red Button is another first product in Malaysia market also, was launched in June 2004 with over 10,000 hours of extended programming introduced over subsequent months. Important features of its activity included live vote updates for AF over Astro Ria and ASTRO 15 channels, ITV advertising for Coca Cola and DHL, distribution of mobile downloads and Summer Olympics.In whitethorn 2005 also, ASTRO launched their broadband portal, ASTRO. Tv, starting off with two channels on demand and favourite content Akademi Fantasia 3 and English soccer, over the internet. With paying certain tote up of subscription fee, a broadband users can watch live concert via webcast, enhanced video feed on AF3 daily developments, archived materials and auditions from earlier A F seasons. Besides, another separated GoalTv for sport channel, also provides streaming of trivia, commentary, analysis and matches on the top English soccer teams in order to delight the avid sports fan. The Star featured that in order to accommodate more live BPL coverage, a new sport channel, which is known that Astro SuperSport 3 (Ch 817) had been introduced. Due to this features, subscribers are able to watch al least octet live matches per week. And for a limited period also, iPhone users are able to download Astros B. player application to watch games for free.Lister. M et. al (200320) defined that interactive inwardness more powerful sense of consumer engagement with media text, individualized media usage, a more independent relation for the source of knowledge and greater user choice in selection.Video on demand concept was initiated by ASTRO which allows customers to make selection from its pay per view package that consists of blockbuster and sporting events. Mitv also provides similar mode, where Mitv is the southward subscription based television. The concept is known as Affordable Transaction, offers video on demand, games-on-demand, e-learning-on-demand and music-on-demand for its subscribers.CONCLUSIONThere does not need much explanation why ITV is gaining impulsion and will continue its trend as new technologies take control. This is due to the backbone for ITV growth comes from both the market strength of the Internet. In addition to that , with the rapid growth of digital video technology that took place in the cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting industries, the world is now prepare for the creation of an ITV segment which meet the prerequisite of tests of sound economic principles. This is therefore introduced to mass customer market to a whole new range of opportunities. Interactive television in Malaysia depends on the carrying into action of digital terrestrial television. Despite RTMs trial was a success, there is an u ncertainty in the growth of the digital terrestrial television transition, significantly after the end of Abdullah Badawis tenure as Prime Minister.

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay

Approaches To leading In Tata meeting commission EssayIntroduction lead is an integrated part of our livelihood. According to collective chief and former US presidential sightdidate Ross Perot, the principles of leadership are timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature body a constant. We e really(prenominal) experience leadership in our life from early childhood in our families, through friendships, social sports activities, school higher education, in politics, in government and of course in our prevail. We all recognize leadership in other people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small businesses alike, the leadership role is befitting more demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult Gill, R. 2006.The breeding of leadership theory also parallels the development of organizational theory. The bureaucratic form of business organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-called leaders tend to a void fetching a stand, ignore problems, not hail up, and refrain from intervening or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise management by exception, focusing only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the concept of transformational leadership Gill, R. 2006.Theory Approaches to LeadershipMany Leadership theories and approaches have been evolved around Style, Trait, Behaviour, Situation and Charisma. Many researchers made sudors linking these theories across these leadership approaches. However, each leadership model has its merit, assumptions and limitations. Most recent researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership styles. Various leadership Gurus presented new models as variations to the already existing models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bass, Bennis Nanus are some of the most important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. The exit between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the whole concept of transformational leadership theory. In general, a relationship between two people is establish on the level of exchange they have. The more exchange they have the stronger the relationship. Managers expects more productivity from employee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is d whiz to anyone found on the return then that relation is called Transactional type. In business, leaders announce rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all to the highest degree requirements, conditions and rewards (wordpress.com).In our life at various stages some things are happen without any expectation from other side e.g. mothers love for her babies. This is one for of transformational approach. Transformational Leaders work toward a cat valium goal with followers put followers in front and develop them, take followers to next level, liven up followers to transcend their own self- liaisons in achieving superior results (wordpress.com). Here we discuss the various forms of leadership and Table 1, given below shows how Basss full range model of leadership works DBS Notes.Table 1By studying the evolution of leadership approach of the TATA sort out, an in-depth analysis of sizeableness of leadership model is given now onwards.Leadership Approach in TATA assemblyTATA stem founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. The Group has more than half million employees spread across over six continents (more than atomic number 6 countries) and is the largest private corporate classify in India. The estimated market capitalization of the group is worth $80bn. It is the biggest employer in UK as well, employing more than 50,000 people. It has main interests in communications, IT, en gineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its present chairman, rattan Tata is the most influential business leaders in India. He is also one of the worlds most influential people as per Forbs magazine. The Group is known for ethical motive and value found business approach.Evolution of Leadership in TATA GroupUnder the leadership of the Ratan Tata, the Group has incorporated more leadership changes which were essential in current environment to drive towards to be more competitive. In terms of leadership style, the Group has adopted a team-led culture and collective effort approach. Trust became a major factor and theme of the group. Ratan has put a complete organisational restructuring, since he became chairman of the group in 1991, by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes have transformed a lot in the group business, senior conductors have to be on their toes and tractability and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a much more distributed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater responsibility and knowledge, which in turn propel them to work harder and as a group.From well established leadership models such as the McGregor Theory X and Y in which the theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not creative and avoid all responsibility whilst the theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and be creative. Theory Y approach has been adopted by the Ratan Tata. He wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y facilitator. He encourages managers to be more innovative and parting all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraging team-working.Five Factor Leadership ModelEmotional Stability Ratan has very low a nxiety within him and has great sense of security with his future leadership.Extraversion Even macrocosm a bachelor Ratan is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of the Group.Openness He believes in originality and versatility. By making 1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation seeking personality.Agreeableness Within his management team and outside world, Ratan is well trusted and very friendly.Conscientiousness He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for Group without having any self-interest. He leads a very well organised life.Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA GroupAs per style theory, there are one-third kind of leadership models are available in literatures. These are as given below.Autocratic democraticLaissez-faireRatan Tata is a leader who engages in more democratic style of leadership approach and occasionally shows the other two leadership styles as well. He is more democratic because he evermor e encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. The budding leadership are well apprised about group future strategy and they are very well engaged in decision making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are formulated by the lower rank of the leadership and are treated as stake holders. Ratan has occasionally shown some short of dictatorial style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when quick and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few words and being more of a man of action. This is evident from the expressive style he aggressively pushes for bold international deals, such as during the global acquisitions of business powerhouses such as Corus, JLR, and Tetley. One of his senior leadership team members, Muthuraman refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was worried about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he ins tilled confidence.In daily routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan also uses the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of important duties and decision-making, he also do not interfere with any managers functioning, he might make a broad strategic mind but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, which shows that he has his trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability. Another quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive music director of the company, expresses how much value Ratan places on his trust, this can be highly motivating for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He verbalize that he will continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I infer that is a very fair deal.Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA GroupLooking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where leadership is classed in three forms, Bureaucratic, Charis matic and traditional, where a Bureaucratic leader is one who is always bound by the set rule and never go beyond them a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a history and always loyal to obey these traditions and a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own wit or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and set principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as 1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive cultural mindset in global world.Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA GroupWe can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-sceptered l eaders and their main focus is to articulate view and values clearly so these self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which are idealized Influence (being a role model)Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge)Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity)Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing place up chastise for followers)Ratan Tata has been excluded a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision thusly he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has created the team spirit in whole group at every level. He has empowered all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them. He is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products he places a great deal of grandeur to his RD department. He deeply cares about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel (belongs to TATA Group), he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his leadership statement he articulated One hundred years from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. tata.comAs a leader of a global business group, Ratan, knows the tempestuous competition experienced by group business empire. He put a lot of effort in making his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process, the group has made their processes and technology up to date. Ratan Tata said to his managers in his leadership speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will die a company that constantly changes and accepts that there a re better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can infer that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take Group to new heights. Ratan, involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep judgement and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man of strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He cultivated the same across the Group companies. One of his companies CEO said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do business other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from local business group to become a global leader.Leadership Development in TATA GroupTATA Group has long standing leadership program in-place. Their leadership program is based in British Administrative Service model. Groups leadership development course of instruction aims at grooming the managers of today into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of Group in 1950s. The idea coffin nail the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, provide them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to provide training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the Group companies are traditionally led by these in-house groomed leaders.Cons in Leadership Development in TATA GroupAlthough Ratan Tata has been very successful in leading the group to a new height, but as in case of every leadership he lacks in few of the areas, these areas includes his successor and integrat ion of his own companies in little numbers. referable to large number of companies within group, there is chance of internal conflict between its own companies leadership. There have been cases when the Ratan Tatas leadership has been ineffective in dealing with some critical situation. Ratan Tata will be retiring next year and the group is still struggling to get his replacement. He made himself bigger than the group as a whole. Most of the group leadership hover around him and whole leadership has become Ratan centric. Due to recent scam in 2G spectrum allocation in India, the group reputation has been affected severely. Its few of the top leadership were involved in different scams which could prove detrimental to group business in future. Furthermore TATA Group leadership lacks international flavour. This could be a major hindrance for the group in becoming a major global player.ConclusionsRatan Tata has transformed TATA as global brand under his leadership. He has created a rank of leadership to whom he can easily pass the leadership baton. Grooming 98 CEO/MD (TATA Group has 98 companies in its group) is a challenging job in which Group has been very successful so far. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. Ratan Tata has successfully led and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. Ratan Tata has adopted a management by consensus style. Leading a large group of companies in current business scenario of changing regulations, change magnitude competition and global economy could be a tough challenge for many business leaders. Leading the business through these tough times and developing multi-folding revenues could be a dream for many business leaders. Achieving this requires clear vision, innate conviction, ability to inspire and guide along the way. Ratan Tata established himself to be the right leader who has helped the company sail through the turbulent waters and reach the desired lands.Appendix Referen ce ListDBS Managing People Lecture NotesRoger Gill, Theory and dedicate of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006Robins, S.P Judge T.A (2010) 10th Edition, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Pearson, ISBN 0-13-815763-4http//leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/http//business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=682editionid=22catgid=70subcatgid=464http//www.tata.com/company/Articles/inside.aspx?artid=YJbf7uiUY0M=Visionary Leadership Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series) Burt NanusTata Group Annual Reports (1991 -2011)

Purpose And Importance Of Tertiary Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay

Purpose And Importance Of Tertiary Treatment Environmental Sciences EssayThe main purpose of the ordinal treatment is to ensure that the treated body of water supply system supply which is to be released on to the environment is biologically accepted by all other fresh water organisms much(prenominal) as weeds and algae. This part of the treatment includes processes like physical water treatment, lagooning, and excessive nutrient removal processes.to ensure that the discharged water is raised in effluent quality before proceeding to the final stages.In physical water treatment, much of the residual suspended matters atomic number 18 removed using notwithstanding physical processes such as sedimentation regularity and the infamous filtration method. In the sedimentationmethod, the water is place in a certain tank to fall by the wayside all the remaining heaver objects to sink down to the bottom of the container. After few hours went most of the dense object argon separated fr om the water, the cleared effluent or waste stream is removed. Sedimentation is one of the most common methods, quite often used at the beginning and the end of many water treating processes. other physical method that is commonly used in the sewage water treatment system is the filtration method. In filtration, the water is allowed to pass through filters to separate the ill-gotten solids from the water. Sand filter is a common filter used in this process. In a number of wastewater treatment methods, semi-solid contaminants like grease and rock oil are allowed to float on the surface of the water, and then they are physically removed.Besides the in lagooning where lagoon is a stationary system having a endless flow several ponds working in parallel in which the inlet flow and the outlet flow are equals form lagoon plants. The lagooning technique is a natural and very efficient technique that consists in the accumulation of wastewater in ponds or basins, known as biological or s tabilization ponds, where a series of biological, biochemical substance and physical processes take place. In these ponds or lagoons, certain types of the microorganism are actually supported as these biological agents help in treating the water further by removing the fine particulates. These types of biological ponds are usually classified as anaerobic ponds or oxidation ponds depending on the shape, depth, organic rate, direct of treatment of that particular lagoon itself.The excessive nutrient removal is the most viral step in the last stages of the water treatment before the water is released to the environment. When the previously treated water comes to this area of the system, the nutrients level mainly atomic number 7 and phosphorus in the water is checked. Where if found in excess, the excessive nutrient removal step is carried out. This is because if the unchecked water supply is to be released into the natural water system (river, pond, etc.) it lead cause a choppy i ncrease in the indigene microorganism population of that certain water system. Some of the native microorganisms which are commonly found in ponds today are usually weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria. Therefore, after the sudden rapid grown in the population of these microorganisms, the number of algae for example, becomes unsustainable which causes most of them to die and eventually decay. The following decay process would substantially increase the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in that particular pond, which would cause the other fresh water living organism such as fishes to die as well.Firstly, the nitrogen removal process is carried out. There are various methods of removing nitrogen, each with advantages and disadvantages. However, the biological treatment method is used most commonly. With this method, organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen is converted into nitrous and nitrate nitrogen in an aerobic environment, and is dispersed into the atmosphere as anaerobic nitrogen gas. T herefore the gas is removed from the water and released to the atmosphere. And as there is no flakeary pollution, this can be called an effective method.In the removal of phosphorus is usually carried out using a method called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The first process in EBPR is the mainstream biological treatment process. Where the utilizing of aerobic and solids separation zones and the provision of return activated liquid ecstasy are carried out. The next is a first side stream process for anoxic/anaerobic selection of desirable BPR organisms such as the polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). Finally, a second side stream process serves to ferment organic material in some of the return activated sludge to produce food utilized in the first side stream selection process. The system permits the triplet processes to be separated from each other by creating two side streams, allowing all deuce-ace processes to be controlled separately and optimized in satisfying their own specific goals. Besides this biological method, the removal of phosphorus can also be done via chemical precipitation, usually with salts of iron, aluminum, or lime. Chemical precipitation is usually more reliable, easier to operate, and requires smaller equipment footprint than biological removal. But the main back draws of this chemical method is that it whitethorn form excessive sludge production as hydroxides precipitates and the chemical used in this method might be considered expensive.The importance of Wastewater Treatment in our societyWater scarcity is the major problem that is faced all across the world. Although 2/3rd of the earths crust is made up of water still all this water is not available for drinkable and for other human activities as either it is locked in the form of ice or present in the form of vast saline oceans and seas. It has been found out that 97% of the total water is salty that is of no use to human and animals (except marine ani mal) and the remaining three percent is available as freshwater. More than half of this three percent is locked in glacier and less than 0.01% is available as fresh water. So water resources are less as compare to human demand for water.Above this, the major part of water that can be consumed is getting contaminated because of human activities. This polluted and untreated water is causing abundant water borne diseases. Then the world is confront a huge climatic change which is further aggravating the water problem. Some of the regions are getting more rain water than earlier and some are getting almost negligible. Experts even believe that the next manhood War would not be for oil or land but it will be for water.Also because of improper use of water and lack of water treatment, the problem of water crisis will further increase where 884 million people are already not getting easy access to safe drinking water. And a further 2.5 billion people are getting difficult access to water for disposable and sanitation. Agriculture is also overusing and polluting the ground water therefore depleting the natural source of water. So here water treatment plants will play important role.Water crisis at present is the biggest problem according to the join Nations. Almost 25 countries of Africa, parts of China, Peru and Brazil in Latin America, some parts of Middle East like Iran, Chile, Mexico, and Paraguay are some of the countries that are facing the water crisis. Even other parts of the world are facing the varied levels of the water crisis. Because of acute shortage of water, the food problems are getting aggravated. almost 40 million people in Africa are facing the problem of food shortage. It is expected that if the similar conditions will persist then there will be 500 million till 2025 who will suffer from these problems. Nature has its role but the major water problem is arising because of its increasing consumption and wrong usage. Major chunk of the problem can be solved if the wastewater treatment is taken very seriously and precautions at every step are taken to improve the water quality.

Overview on Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Policy Strategy Essay

INTRODUCTIONSince the 1990s, a large number of industrial countries and a growing number of emerging market and transition economies have adopted inflation targeting as their monetary form _or_ system of government strategy. During the implementation they face many challenges. However, in that respect is no established pattern so countries must learn along the way from one another and more importantly from their own experience. This paper provides an overview on inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategy, necessary preconditions for its successful implementation, its advantages and disadvantages and issues and challenges that emerging market and transition economies face while defining and implementing this monetary policy strategy. Inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategyMacro scotch policy of any country has several goals such as employment, economic stability, economic development and production growth. Those goals are achieved by appropriate fiscal and monetary policy led by most important players in financial markets , primeval marges. Healthy macroeconomic policy means healthy economy which can be achieved through one of three monetary strategies monetary targeting, inflation targeting and unuttered nominal anchor. Central banks are held highly accountable for the conduct of monetary policy and hitting the targets. In other words, those regimes appear to be highly transparent. Furthermore, what is prevalent for these three strategies is that all three of them focus on price stability, which is, for most Central Banks of the world, the main goal of monetary policy. Not so long ago policy makers reintroduced the idea of targeting. They first introduced monetary targeting during the seventies and eighties, and later on in 1989 infla... ...//www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/fmishkin/PDFpapers/w5893.pdfMishkin, Frederic S. and Schmidt-Hebbel, K., 2006, Does Inflation Targeting Make a Difference? Central Bank of Chile Working Papers No. 4 04 available from http//www.bcentral.cl/estudios/documentos-trabajo/pdf/dtbc404.pdfJohnson, D., 2002, The Effect of Inflation Targeting on the Behavior of Expected Inflation Evidence from an 11 Country Panel, ledger of Monetary Economics 49, pp.1521-1538Gerlach, S., 1999, Who targets inflation explicitly? European Economic Review 43, pp.1257-1277Lin, S. and Ye, H., 2009, Does inflation targeting make a difference in developing countries? Journal of growth Economies 89, pp.118-123Cukierman, A., 1996, The Economics of Central Banking, in H. Wolf (ed.) Contemporary Economic Issues Macroeconomic and Finance, Basingstoke, UK Macmillan.

Nursing Does Not Qualify as a Profession Essay -- Careers Nursing Nurs

Determining if nursing Qualifies as a ProfessionAbstractNursing will be comp argond to common characteristics of a profession to determine if treat qualifies as a profession.Does Nursing Qualify as a Profession?There argon half a dozen characteristics commonly used to asses whether a job is considered a profession education of the practitioner, having a code of ethics, receiving compensation commensurate with the work, being organized to promote a needed service, having autonomy in practice, and being recognize by the government with licensure(Pinkerton, 2001,p.130). Florence Nightingale first began professional education for nurses in 1860(Wikipedia, 2015). Currently there are several levels of education for nurses, ranging from diploma to doctoral degrees. Nurses are legally accountable to practice within the nurse practice acts set forth by legislature. These laws are derived from an official code of ethics that was first promulgated by The American Nurses Association in 1971. Compensation commensurate with work falls short when compared with autoworkers, who become comparable, if not higher wages and better benefits than nurses do.Nursing has several organizations. The National League for Nursing (NLN) is primarily responsible for regulating the quality of the educational programs that unsex nurses for the practice of nursing(Catalano, 2000,p.10). Also, the American Nurses Association (ANA) which is more concerned with the quality of nursing pra... Nursing Does Not Qualify as a Profession see -- Careers Nursing NursDetermining if Nursing Qualifies as a ProfessionAbstractNursing will be compared to common characteristics of a profession to determine if nursing qualifies as a profession.Does Nursing Qualify as a Profession?There are six characteristics commonly used to asses whether a job is considered a profession education of the practitioner, having a code of ethics, receiving compensation commensurate with the work, being organized to promote a needed service, having autonomy in practice, and being recognized by the government with licensure(Pinkerton, 2001,p.130). Florence Nightingale first began professional education for nurses in 1860(Wikipedia, 2015). Currently there are several levels of education for nurses, ranging from diploma to doctoral degrees. Nurses are legally accountable to practice within the nurse practice acts set forth by legislature. These laws are derived from an official code of ethics that was first published by The American Nurses Association in 1971.Compensation commensurate with work falls short when compared with autoworkers, who receive comparable, if not higher wages and better benefits than nurses do.Nursing has several organizations. The National League for Nursing (NLN) is primarily responsible for regulating the quality of the educational programs that prepare nurses for the practice of nursing(Catalano, 2000,p.10). Also, the American Nurses Association (ANA) which is more con cerned with the quality of nursing pra...