Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection Essay Example for Free

Walking put up with burden clap espial Essay1. INTRODUCTIONThe National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute states that more than a million persons in the U.S. have a feeling attack and slightly half (515,000) of them die in each year. About one-half of those who die do so within 1 hour of the let of symptoms and before reaching the hospital. A stub attack happens to a person when the blood catamenia and oxygen supply to tone muscle is blocked, and it is mostly ca utilise by the Coronary Artery Disease ( frank). CAD occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become hardened and narrowed. It often causes irregular heart beat or rhythm by blocking blood stream. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggest that everyone should hunch the warning signs of a heart attack and how to get parking brake help.The symptoms of heart attack tolerate be detected by observing electrocardiogram (cardiogram) waveform. An electrocardiogr am is an electrical recording of the heart and is used in the investigation of heart disease. An electrical impulse initiates muscle contraction, which results in heart beating. The spacing mingled with pulses provides a measure of the hearts rhythm, whereas the height of the pulses is an indicator of pumping strength. By observing the ECG waveform, the heart assign of the patients mass be explained by doctors.The ECG Library shows m both(prenominal) samples of defective ECG waveform, and they be mostly collected from aged people who are more than 55 years old. The senior citizens are more prone to have heart attack than young people. The Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection is specially designed to help the senior citizens who need walk of life aids by locomote bonds and have the most possibility of heart attack. The base on balls wad out is used as detection whole and as the medium a peel offg for medical help.1.1 Overview of DesignThe ECG circuitry unit on the w rist captures abnormal heart beat signal from the patient. The microcontroller on the stick runs a heart attack algorithmic rule. Warning is effrontery out to the person round his heart condition. The Bluetooth compulsion constituteing system calls for medical help at the meaning of heart attack. This project aims to diddleen the time mingled with the moment of heart attack and the comer of medical personal. The warning before the emergency call exit ease off the patient a incur to avoid heart attack.Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of Walking Stick with Heart Attack DetectionTwo biosensors worn on the exploiters wrists send the real ECG signal to the analog ECG circuitry. The amplified and tenseed analog output of the circuitry is converted from analog to digital signal and genetical to the unit on the walking stick. The ECG circuitry unit, the A/D converter, and the vector are worn on one of the users wrists. The radiocommunication connection betwixt the unit on the wr ist and the main unit on the walking stick gives the user more freedom to move by avoiding wire attachment among the wrist and the stick. The receiver on the stick receives the digital ECG signal, and the microcontroller runs a heart attack algorithm to detect possible heart attack symptoms. If any symptom of heart attack is detected, the risk take aim rises. When the risk level reaches up to the emergency stylus, the Bluetooth module activates the users mobile headphone to call 911 for medical help. Latest mobile phones include GPS function. Therefore, the GPS unit is eliminated from the previous project as the mobile phones GPS can locate the user.1.2SpecificationsFor the design of the ECG circuitry and the ECG algorithm, the specifications of the previous project radio Heart Attack Detector with GPS were used.The frequency rove of ECG signal depends on the activity of individual. The typical range is approximately from 50 Hz to 70 Hz. To round top a wide range of frequenci es for all scenarios, the band-pass filter of the ECG circuitry is designed to have a lower crosscut frequency of 0.5 Hz and an upper cutoff frequency of cl Hz. The analog output of the ECG circuitry must be in the range among -2V to 2V so that the A/D mutation operates properly. The overall amplification inside the ECG circuitry should be at least three hundred0 but no greater than 5000. The minimum sampling rate of A/D converter should be 400 Hz to capture the detailed ECG waveform that changes in millisecond unit.The transmitted selective information and the received info must be the same. No noise should be added during the contagious disease. The hold for original transmission should be wide enough so that the movement of user is non limited in the near area of the stick. 40 feet is chosen as the user is assumed to be within this distance during all his activities. All the hardware should operate with low power consumption, and the microcontroller must show the least sum up of phantasm when it runs the heart attack algorithm. High risk and low risk warnings should be as short as possible.1.3Performance BenchmarksThe total delay from the moment the microcontroller output a heart attack signal to the comer of medical assistance should be shortened as much as possible. This delay is between the output of heart attack signal and the mobile phone calling. The delay time should be less than 45 second.1.4SubprojectsFigure 1.4 Subproject Flow ChartThere are three main subprojects ECG circuit unit, outline algorithmic rule, and Bluetooth communication. The first unit is worn on the users wrist, and the rest two are installed in the stick. The ECG circuit unit captures ECG waveform from the users wrists by electrodes. It thusly amplifies and filters the ECG signal. After that, the signal is digitized by an A/D converter and is transmitted to the stick. In Analysis Algorithm unit, the receiver first captures the digital ECG signal and feeds it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller runs the algorithm to detect heart attack and to intensify the risk level. When a heart attack is confirmed, an emergency signal is direct to the Bluetooth Communication unit. In the Bluetooth Communication unit, the Bluetooth module activates the users mobile phone to call 911. ObjectiveGoals of Design1.The wireless heart attack detector captures abnormal heart beat signals. 2.The alert system on the walking stick warns the user to realize his health condition. 3.Bluetooth wireless emergency calling system calls for help at the moment of heart attack via mobile phone.BenefitsElectrocardiogram(ECG) signal transmitted wirelessly from the wrist to the main unit on the stick. This avoids the issue of the attachment of the stick to the wrists. Automatic wireless emergency calling system via Bluetooth module warning mode giving the users a chance to avoid the fatal moment actively.2.DESIGN PROCEDURE2.1 BiosensorsSince the previous project mentioned about(predicate) the benefits of the Ag-AgCl ECG electrodes, we refractory to use the same electrodes as our biosensors. The benefits of the electrodes include good electrical contact with gay skin, low motion artifacts and strong adhesive quality to skin.2.2 Analog ECG CircuitryBased on the Wireless Heart Attack Detector with GPS, we designed the three contributions, unity- take a crap airplane pilots, differential amplifier and band-pass filter. The unity-gain buffers are needed for both wrists as impedance transformers. Although skin impedance is high, the input impedance of op-amps is infinity and the op-amps will be able to tempt the bio signals out of the two electrodes. Differential amplifier will take the two bio signals and differentiate them with gain to get the sought after ECG waveform. Band-pass filter will cod sure that noise of frequencies outside 0.5 Hz and 150 Hz is eliminated.For the Calculation of the ECG circuitry design, the same procedure from the Wire less Heart Attack Detector with GPS was used and was quoted as to a lower place.The differential amplifier gain should not exceed 33 in order to prevent a 300 mV electrode offset potential from causing the system to saturate. The figure shows a diagram of the differential amplifier component of the circuit.Hence the differential amplifier produces an output that is the difference between the inputs multiplied by a gain factor. The gain is chose to be at 15 R7 and R5 are selected to be 15k R6 and R4 are selected to be 1k.The lower frequency cut-off was desire to be rough 0.04Hz, and upper frequency cut-off was desired to be about 150Hz. A gain of around 100 was sought from the band-pass filter. (Overall gain needed to be 1000 to 5000 with the differential amplifier having a gain no greater than 33.) A diagram of the low and high pass portions of the band-pass filter are shown in Figures 2.3 and 2.4, respectively.From eq. (6), it can be seen that the output is amplified by a gain e qual to R11/R10. Since the gain is desired to be about 100, eqn. (7) and (8) can be solved. Thus R11 is selected to be 106.2 k, R10 to be 1 k, R8 to be 3.9 M, C1 to be 1 F and C2 to be 0.01 F. The value of R9 is not significant and is selected to be 10 k. A buffer with unity gain is needed for each input as an impedance transformer, because the skin has much higher impedance compared to the input impedance of the differential amplifier. Figure 2.5 shows a diagram of the buffer components.Figure 2.2.4 Buffer Components DiagramSince no current flows into the input terminals and v+ = v-, by applying KCLThe gain is immovable by R1/R2 = R3/R2. Desiring a gain of unity, R1, R2, R3, and R4 were chosen to be 10 k each.2.3 Data contagious disease between Wrist and the Walking StickOur original design was to transmit the analog ECG waveform in a flash out of the ECG analog circuitry to the walking stick. We would use the analog signal transmission capability of the HP-3 transceiver. We ch erished to work up this data transmission wireless from the wrist to the stick. This would avoid the inconvenience of the stick attachment to the wrist. drug user can go into a car and put his stick at the back seats without detaching any wire between his wrist and the stick. He also does not have to switch the device off. When the stick falls down, it wont drag the users wrist to the grime. After we browsed through the data sheet of the HP-3 transceiver, we spy that the analog band width of the transceiver pair is between 50 Hz and 28000 Hz.As discussed in the previous project, normal ECG waveform has frequency range between 50 Hz and 70 Hz. However, to cover all the possible scenarios like sleeping and fast walking, the lower and the upper cutoff frequencies were obstinate to be 0.5 Hz and 150 Hz. Since the range from 0.5 Hz and 50 Hz is outside the transmission bandwidth of the HP-3 transceiver, we thought about using social and oscillator to raise the lowest frequency of a nalog signal, which is 0.5 Hz, to 60 Hz. This would ensure correct transmission of the analog signal.When we discussed this idea with our TA, we were introduced to the RS232 capability of flick. Since RS232 signal is digital, we can use the same transceiver to transmit digital signal. We no yener have to worry about the lowest frequency of the analog signal along with the mixer and the oscillator.2.4 A/D Conversion of Analog ECG Signal to Digital ECG signal Since we are using a PIC for its RS232 feature, we thought it would be natural to use the A/D conversion feature of the PIC. We then had to decide between using an 8-bit conversion or a 10-bit conversion. 10-bit conversion would give higher resolution to the digitized ECG waveform. But, the final decision was determined by the RS232 transmission. According to the PIC-C Compiler Manual, when define use RS232, bits sent can only be between 5 and 9. Because 10 are not in this range, we decided to do 8-bit A/D conversion.2.5 Heart attack detectionWhen the microcontroller on the walking stick has received digital ECG data from the wrists, it will check for heart attack symptoms. We decided to use the heart attack algorithm developed by the previous project. We would like to indicate to the user his heart condition so that he can take proper action like mental retardation down or taking a rest before heart attack really happens to him.2.6 hint CallingPrevious project needed to use a Bluetooth module and a laptop to make an emergency call. Our goal was to eliminate the laptop. Our project will execute emergency calling with just a Bluetooth module. Bluetooth communication is wireless. The user can put his carrel phone anywhere he wants as long as it is within the range of the Bluetooth communication. The user does not have to hang his cell phone to the walking stick, making his waking stick heavy and hindering his movement.3. DESIGN DETAILS3.1 Analog ECG CircuitryComponentValueR1, R2, R310 kR4, R61 kR5, R715 kR8100 kR93 kR101 kR11150 kC11 FC20.01 FThe band-pass filter has a lower cut-off frequency of 1.59 Hz and an upper cut-off frequency of 106.1 Hz. The gain of band-pass filter is 150, and the overall gain is 15015=2250.3.2 A/D Conversion and RS232 of PIC16F877We use PIC16F877 as our microcontroller on the wrist. The connections to the PIC are shown in supplement 1. Oscillator of 20 MHz is used as clock to the PIC.Analog ECG signal is sent to Pin2 RA0. Pin4 Vref- is connected to 0 V and Pin5 Vref+ is connected to 5 V. The analog signal will be digitized into 8 bits. The digital values will be between 0 and 127. 0 V will pair to 0, 1 V will correspond to 50, 2 V will correspond to 100 and 2.5 V will correspond to 125. Since the analog ECG waveform will be amplified to only 2 V, the highest digital value will be 100. The reason of not amplifying the signal to 2.5 V is to provide some error of margin in the real world. The sampling will be done with a while loop topology that runs co ntinuously with the condition always set to true. occupy refer to the C codes on Appendix 5.The sampling rate of 400 Hz will be implemented by putting a delay of 2500 us in the while loop. After the digital values are obtained through the A/D conversion, the digital values are parallel 8 bits. These parallel 8 bits will be transformed into serial bits of the format of RS232. According to Wikipedia, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data vary between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE(Data Communication Equipment). In our case, the DTE will be the PIC and the DCE will be the HP-3 transmitter. The RS232 format will consist of a start bit, eight data bits, least-significant bit first, and a stop bit. We also make sure the logic voltage level of RS232 will be between 0 V and 5 V as required by the HP-3 transmitter.3.3 Digital Data Transmission of HP-3 TransceiverThe digital ECG values in RS232 form will be fed into a HP-3 transmitter. HP-3 transmitter has 8 parallel select able channels. To have simple wiring, we selected channel 0 as we only needed to ground the three channel select pins. We are also well aware that the HP-3 transmitter does not convert or packetize the data in any manner. This will assure us that the RS232 data sent from the PIC will be the same RS232 data received at the receiver. The microcontroller at the walking stick does not have to do any decoding. 3.4 Heart Attack Algorithm of the Javelin Stamp Microcontroller The RS232 digital ECG data will be fed from the HP-3 receiver to the Javelin microcontroller. The parameters of the UART of the microcontroller are set up according to those of the PIC. The microcontroller will then get the correct Digital ECG from the PIC.These digital ECG samples will be analyzed with the heart attack algorithm developed by the previous project. Heart attack is preceded by three famed symptoms, which are weak pulse amplitude, irregular heart beat and widened QRS pulse. To check for weak amplitude, a baseline is set up by averaging all the data points. Pulse amplitude is considered as weak if it is below 50% of the baseline. chemical formula pulse rate is between 35 bpm (beats per minute) and 200 bpm. If the digital ECG data indicates a pulse rate outside of this range, then irregular heart beat is detected. Normal pulse width is less than 36 ms. If the digital ECG data indicates a pulse width more than 36 ms, then QRS pulse has widened3.5 Low-Risk and High-Risk LEDs of Heart AttackThe previous project set up an alert level of threshold of 5 before emergency calling is executed. In our project, we decided to use this alert level to define two conditions, low-risk and high-risk. Low risk is when the alert level is between 4 and 6. High risk is when the alert level is between 7 and 9. These two conditions will be indicated to the user with two LEDs. User can look at the LEDs and be aware of his heart condition to take proper action to avoid the fatal moment.3.6 EB500 Bluetooth Module and Javelin Stamp Microcontroller When the alert level reaches 10, emergency calling through the users cell phone will be executed. In our project, the emergency calling will be done with only the Bluetooth module and the Javelin microcontroller. Laptop will not be used as an intermediate between Bluetooth module and the cell phone.When the Bluetooth module is first powered up, it is in command mode. Communication between the Bluetooth module and the microcontroller will be done in the form of UART. Please refer to the codes in Appendix 6. Microcontroller will send some commands to the Bluetooth module to set up a Bluetooth connection with the users cell phone. When the connection is successfully set up, which is indicated by the LED on the Bluetooth module, the module automatically switches to data mode. A successful Bluetooth connection is nothing more than a wireless serial cable. In data mode, everything sent by the Javelin microcontroller will be received by the cell ph one.Commands to control a phone are called AT commands. AT commands direct a phone to control (D), answer (A) and hang up (H). Every AT command starts with AT (Attention). This is the command line prefix. To make a 911 call, the following command will be sent by the microcontroller to the cell phone, ATD911r. The in the end character, r is carriage return. The command means Attention Dialing 911. The number 911 can be replaced by any phone number. Since most cell phones today have the GPS feature, the location of the user can be discovered and faster medical help can be sent to the spot.